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The Coming Age of Augmented Creativity

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We are entering a new age, and everything gonna change.  In recent years we have seen the rise of machine learning thanks to advances in computer processing power and the accumulation of large amounts of data from which the machines can learn.  These advancements have been significant, but they are nothing compared to what is to come.  Machine learning is growing exponentially; soon machines will know stuff that we don’t even know.  So does this mean that our digital servants are about to become our digital masters?  The question on the minds of many is “are we on the verge of machines taking over?”…

PART 1 — INTUITION

Rule Based Systems

Computers took their first baby steps towards “Artificial Intelligence (AI )” when we started using them to implement simple diagnostic systems.

The earliest such systems were effectively a top-down design; usually built by simply encoding or storing “expert” knowledge in a large database.

These so-called “expert systems” however were really nothing more than table-look systems (if the patient has X, Y and Z symptoms then the patient has “Disease #23975648”).  Such systems were, in reality, merely rule-based systems; they were not really expert systems…

Complex Systems

True expert systems are systems that are capable of deep analysis and deep pattern recognition.  Expert systems are fast becoming an evermore sought after resource because, in our evermore interconnected world, we are increasingly going to have to deal with ever more complex systems, which means we are increasingly going to need access to expert systems that can “see beyond the rules”…

Most real problems always require some form of “expertise beyond rules”; because most real problems are so complex that there usually is no way of generating a clearly defined solution.  In fact, in many cases, the problems are so complex that there probably doesn’t exist a clearly defined solution — which seems to conflict with some of our basic assumptions about how things work…

To a certain extent, it could be argued that for the last 400 years we have been living in a time dominated by the concept of “deterministic cause and effect”.  We believe in “rules of behavior”; we believe in the concept that clearly defined clauses will always have a clearly defined effect.  Mathematical Physics is the ultimate science of such deterministic cause and effect.  Physics prides itself on being the science that identifies “mathematical rules” of behavior that link cause to effect.  In reality, however, physics is really just the science of simple systems (systems without the friction of feedback), because, unlike simple systems, the behavior of complex systems (systems with feedback) do not obey clearly defined mathematical rules.

Beyond The Rules

So to tackle complex problems, and the behavior of complex systems, many  computer scientists are beginning to turn away from rule-based systems (build from the top down) and instead are focusing their efforts on “Artificial Expertise” (generated from the bottom up).

Artificial expertise is basically an algorithmic way of producing “educated guesses” (intuitive guesses you might say) — a way of producing “Artificial Intuition”…

The basic idea that drives this artificial intuition is that machine knowledge is built, not by encoding linear rules of cause and effect but, by evolving a deep neural network to accumulation, and generate, nonlinear “Emergent Expertise”.

Practice Makes Perfect

We all know that to become a true expert at anything requires a lot of practice — learning the rules just doesn’t cut it.  True expertise requires practice because expertise always emerges from the bottom up.

For practice to be useful however, it needs to contain “feedback”; because practice without the evaluation of feedback is effectively useless – condemning us to do the same thing over and over again.  Practice with feedback is what we really mean when we talk about “training”…

Over the last number of years, we have witnessed the rise in the concept of so-called “Big Data”.  Big data is considered to be something of a game-changer; but, in truth, most of the time the people who are using the term are really just writing reports.  Big whoop!  Very cutting edge!..

Nevertheless, despite all of the over-hyped nonsense, there is actually some real value to be had from “big data” from an AI point of view…

In the past there were really just two things that were holding back true AI; and they were, the sheer computing power required for processing a bottom-up methodology, and, the diversity of data required to feed such a methodology.

However, the recent explosion of big data means that we now have lots of “training data” to feed our deep neural networks.  This means that we now have lots of diverse actions and feedback that we can use to generate the digital equivalent of Malcolm Gladwell’s 10,000 hours of practice.

But the thing about digital practice hours is that our digital friends are not operating in the same fixed time environment as us.  With the right amount of data AI systems should be able to build deep knowledge and expertise on just about anything (really really fast)….

Matrix of Cognitive Dynamics

AGI

So artificial expertise is fast becoming a very real possibility; but any machine/system that has the potential to learn from practice (to learn from the bottom up), also has the potential to become an expert at virtually anything…

And so as we move further and further away from rule-based systems to emergent-expert systems we are also moving closer and closer to a form of “Artificial Generalized Intelligence (AGI)”.

AGI has been the stuff of science fiction novels and Hollywood movies, and is often equated with a dystopian future of machine rule.  However now that AGI is actually beginning to graduate from science fiction to science fact, it is worth remembering that there is more to human intelligence than Logical Reasoning and Intuitive Deep Pattern Recognition.

PART 2 — CREATIVITY

Imagination

To be human is to be creative and we humans are capable not only of seeing and recognizing complex patterns of information, but also being able to “Design and Create” them.

The brain is a biological tool designed, by millions of years of evolution, to compress “data” into “information”, and subsequently integrate this information into an intuitive map of the external world.

Intuition, therefore, is, in reality, a totally natural but subconscious process of compression and integration; a subconscious mental process that tries to figure out what is real and how these real things fit together.  But there is a side-effect to this mental integration.  The side effect of trying to figure out how things fit together is the potential awareness of “how things could  fit together”.

And so the subconscious process of information integration not only drives intuition, but it also drives “imagination”; and consequently, deep neural integration offers not only the potential to see hidden patterns of information but also to “imagine the unseen”….

Emotional Intelligence

Neural integration drives imagination.  It is in this compression and integration of information that “thoughts” begin to emerge; imagination is simply a conscious process of focusing on these subconsciously generated thoughts.

Our internal thoughts are like our own personal “internal data”, and when we focus on our thoughts we are effectively trying to extract information from our personal data.  But the question arises, “How do we go about evaluating what information can be extracted from internally generated thoughts without any form of external feedback?”….

Evolution once again comes to the rescue.  As a result of the emergence of thoughts and imagination, evolution obviously set to work on developing “Emotional Intelligence”…

Over the last few million years, evolution has developed an internal feedback mechanism to evaluate internal thoughts.  Feelings are evolution’s feedback mechanism of choice.  Feelings and Emotional Intelligence are our internal mechanism for determining the “value” of thoughts and intuitions.

Diversity of Ideas

Traditionally our modern society has placed great store in the value of human reasoning, and has reserved merely a degree of curiosity in the value of human feelings and intuition.  However history has shown us that intuition has often been the seed of human insight, and many of our greatest leaps in understanding have been the result of such subconscious moments of inspiration.

And so it is with creativity; just as the integration of a diversity of information, can inspire “deep intuition”, so too the integration of a diversity of ideas can inspire “deep creativity”…

Deep Creativity

To be human is to be creative; deep creativity is nearly always a combination of both emotional intelligence and a diversity of ideas.

Most types of experts (be they people or systems) are in fact domain-specific experts, but creativity finds it hard to breathe in domain-specific environments.  Creativity is almost always the result of the cross-pollination of ideas; creative innovation requires not only a diversity domain experience but also the ability to “sense” connectivity across seemingly unconnected domains.   Creativity in innovation requires being able to “feel” that maybe there is a certain value in the integration of a diversity of seemingly unrelated ideas…

And so it is that the natural and subconscious process of neural integration not only offers the potential for deep cognitive understanding of complexity, but also the potential for “Deep Creativity in Imagining the Complex Unseen”…

Matrix of Creative Dynamics

PART 3 – THE FUTURE OF WORK

 Breaking the Rules

We have long known that anything repetitive or rule-based can essentially be carried out by a machine.   The arrival of “computing” machines prompted the concept of the computer database, which ultimately led to the concept of expert machine systems.

Early expert systems were really just glorified databases but recent developments in AI have shown us that if we really want to build true expert systems, we need to do so by evolving artificial intuition from the bottom up (because top-down intelligence design just doesn’t work)…

As the field of artificial intuition systems develops further we will increasingly find that machines will able to exhibit emergent expertise and resultant creativity when it comes to problem-solving.

But creativity is obviously not only limited to intuitive problem-solving.  True creativity drives the imagination, and deep imagination is (nearly always) the interplay of a diversity of ideas and some degree of emotional intelligence.

On this score, human evolution is way ahead of the game.  From birth, every person on this planet carries with him, or her, a legacy of emotional software that time has hard-coded into his, or her, very DNA; and it is probably safe to say that we could equate this complex information repository to many trillions of hours of equivalent digital practice…

Evolutionary Thinking

As humans we have the potential for great creativity; but to be truly creative requires not only an imagination to see beyond the rules, but also a willingness to break some of these rules.  To be truly creative requires a willingness to entertain the idea that some to the so-called “rules” (and accepted wisdom) which might actually be holding us back.  And this creative potentiality is the most likely future of work…

The future of work is likely to be less about reasoning and more about creativity.  And a future that involves artificial intelligence is less likely to be about machine rule and more likely to be about “machine assistance”; about machines capable of creative suggestion.

We already know that the future of work will likely see the rise of artificial intelligence and the demise of many boring factory and office jobs.  So what is going to be left for us to do?

Creativity!..  The future of human work is to be creative, in jobs that will require “Evolutionary Thinking and Design”.  The future of human work is likely to be all about “Creative Innovation augmented by Artificial Expertise”.  And in this new age of augmented creativity, it seems likely that it will not just be our current creative jobs that will thrive, but that all future jobs will be much less boring and far more creative…

From Creation to Creativity…

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Everything in the Universe is fundamentally a system of some sort.  And all systems fundamentally have the same Universal Dynamics…

Matrix of Universal Dynamics - Copyright - Kieran D. Kelly

Our Universe is fundamentally the interplay of 2 things; Energy and Probability.  Excessive Energy can cause Incompressible Dynamics.  Probability can cause Random Energy Clustering which can ultimately lead to Natural Reinforcement.  And the interplay of both incompressible dynamics and probabilistic reinforcement can cause the emergence of Self-Integrated Matter.

Matrix of Energy Dynamics - Copyright - Kieran D. Kelly

Everything in the universe is ultimately some type of “System”.  These systems have a range of behavior from Simple Non-Adaptive Systems to Complex Adaptive Systems.  All systems are essentially the interplay of 2 things; Energy and Feedback.   Excessive Energy can cause Incompressible Dynamics.  Feedback can cause Natural Reinforcement.  And the interplay of Incompressible Energy and Natural Reinforcement can cause of the emergence of Self-Integrated Complexity.

Matrix of System Dynamics - Copyright - Kieran D. Kelly

The Brain is a Complex Adaptive System.  The Brain is capable of modeling Data from the External World.  The more data the brain is exposed to the more likely there will be diversity within the data.  The Brain is dominated by 2 things; External Data and Conscious Evaluation.  An excess of data can produce a great diversity of data.  Experimentation can extract information and knowledge from data.  And the interplay of both a Diversity of Data and Conscious Evaluation can generate Spontaneous Self-Integration and Deep Intuition…Matrix of Cognitive Dynamics

The Mind is a Complex Adaptive System.  The Mind is capable of modeling Thoughts and Intuitions from its own Internal World.  The more thoughts the mind is willing to entertain the more likely there is diversity within the thoughts.  The Mind is dominated by 2 things; Thoughts and Feelings.  A lot of thoughts can produce a great diversity of intuition.  Thinking can extract ideas from thoughts and intuitions.  And the interplay of both a Diversity of Intuition and Emotional Reinforcement can generate Spontaneous Self-Integration and Deep Creativity…Matrix of Creative Dynamics

The Universal Dynamics of Everything…

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Is “Evolution” solely a theory about the emergence of life, or is it a more generalized “Meta-Theory” about “The Emergence of Everything”…

Compressible Dynamics

Over the last 400 years or so Mathematical Physics has become the science that we rely on to explain the behavior of the universe.  Mathematical physics is the ultimate science of the “deterministic/predictable” dynamics of “cause and effect”.

In general, the Science of Physics likes to believe that all dynamics, all natural behavior, can be explained mathematically; and consequently physicists like to build “mathematical models” of (cause and effect in) the real world.  Sometimes these models are unbelievably concise, and can be expressed as a neat linear differential equation, and when this happens we confidently call the model a “Deterministic”, “Law of Physics”.

It is precisely because of these so-called “hard and fast scientific laws” that physicists are wont to describe their science as the hardest of “hard science”.  This of course would seem to imply that many of the so-called “soft sciences” are in some way not quite as elevated, not quite as good.

In truth however we could say that physics is an “easy science”, and the soft sciences are “difficult” because the “laws” of physics only really work in the absence of “noise”, and yet the soft sciences are condemned to deal with our everyday world which is full of noise — because virtually everything in our everyday world is continually battered and buffeted by “constantly changing feedback” which can generate wild “nonlinear dynamics”.

In reality all dynamics have feedback (and resultant nonlinearity), it is just that some dynamics have much less feedback than others.

Physics is, in a sense, the science of the nonlinear stuff that can be safely “compressed into the neat linear mathematics of cause and effect”.  In other words; Physics is primarily a science of “linear” dynamics, a science of dynamics “without feedback” (or more realistically a science of dynamics with negligible feedback).  Such dynamics are indeed easily compressible, but our real world is a world that abounds with feedback, a “nonlinear” world full of “incompressible dynamics”.

[Note: In the simplest possible terms, linear dynamics are dynamics where the effect is proportional to the cause, and nonlinear dynamics are where the effect can be disproportional to the cause.]

Incompressible Dynamics

It could be said that throughout its 400 year history physics has had great difficulty dealing with non “linearizable” dynamics, because these wild dynamics are messy, mathematically unstable, and consequently difficult to predict.

Turbulent systems are the most obvious example.  Turbulent systems are mathematically non-linearizable because they have lots of internal instabilities due to the excessive amount of “energy” in the system.

More recently (in the last 40 years or so) we have started to become more aware of other types of systems that are mathematically non-linearizable.  Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) are systems whose elements are not completely independent of each other and consequently they can exhibit a lot of internal instability due to the excessive amount of “adaptation” in the system.

The economy is the most obvious example of a CAS.  And so while economists might like to think they can build mathematically models of the economy, this is simply not possible, because the economy is mathematically non-linearizable and full of incompressible dynamics.

In the coming years many more people will begin to understand the difficulty and inherent uncertainty involved in dealing with CAS’s.  As our world becomes ever-more interconnected and co-dependent, more and more systems will become adaptive and complex, and consequently will exhibit incompressible dynamics and unpredictable “emergent behavior”.

And so in the future we will all have to learn to live with uncertainty.  But in case all of this seems overly pessimistic, fear not, for there is another side to CAS.  Complex Adaptive Systems may be unpredictable but they are also massively “Creative”.

The Century of Complexity and Creativity

In Conclusion: Physics tell us that to understand the world we need simply to understand “the dynamics of cause and effect”; but the simple dynamics of cause and effect fail quite miserably when it comes to explaining “Natural Evolution and Emergent Complexity”...

However, understanding evolution is going to turn out to be much more important than anyone might previously have thought.  Because despite what most people might think, evolution is not solely a theory about the emergence of life, but a more “Generalized Meta-Theory” (of which biological evolution is merely a special case).  Evolution is effectively spontaneous and complex creativity in action…

And so although science may have spent the last 400 years honing its understanding of The Linear Dynamics of Cause and Effect, the reality of life in the 21st century is that the really interesting stuff will increasingly result from the “Universal Creative Dynamics” of “Adaptive Integration and Emergent Complexity”…

Matrix of Universal Dynamics - Copyright - Kieran D. Kelly

In Conclusion

The 21st Century will see the rise of the Complex Adaptive System.  Complex Adaptive Systems are systems that are capable (without any external assistance) of self-designing and reinforcing themselves into existence.  This means that, in an evermore interconnected world, the future of the human race is likely to become much more uncertain — but as evolution shows us, uncertainty generates emergent complexity, so

Embrace The Chaos and Harvest the Creativity…